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Historical Geography Research    2020, 40 (3): 114-131.   Abstract （1660）   HTML （132）    PDF （1362KB）（2081）       Knowledge map    Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Clarifications on the Evolution of Ancient City Sites of Jiangling, Nanjun, and Jingzhou Wang Hongxing, Zhu Jiangsong Historical Geography Research    2020, 40 (2): 52-62.   Abstract （1236）   HTML （62）    PDF （2579KB）（1649）       Knowledge map    Based on new materials, this paper argues that the City of Ying was rebuilt alongside the old Jiangling City, after the Qin general Bai Qi's taken-over of Ying. Afterwards, both the Nanjun Prefecture and Jiangling County used this city as their seats. During the middle Western Han, the Nanjun Prefecture and Jiangling County relocated their seats to the newly built Xi'eshan City, and Ying City became the seat of Ying County. Since the end of Western Han, the Ying County was canceled and the city became a courier station, which lasted until the last era of Eastern Han. Later on, Guan Yu, Huan Wen, and Wang Chen, successively rebuilt the Jiangling City on the basis of the old Xi'eshan City. It is only after Huan Wen rebuilt the Jiangling City that the two cities Jiangling and Jingzhou merged. During the reign of Wude in the Tang, Nanjun Prefecture was canceled. At around the fourteenth year of the Tianbao reign, the Yangtze River changed its course to the south of modern Jingzhou City, therefore the Jiangling City was moved from Xi'eshan City to modern Jingzhou City and remained in the same place to this day. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Historical Geography Research    2020, 40 (3): 1-22.   Abstract （1178）   HTML （116）    PDF （5588KB）（1307）       Knowledge map    Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Water at the Bottom of a Cauldron:The Flood and Flood Control of Wen’anwa Depression during Ming and Qing Dynasties Bu Fan Historical Geography Research    2022, 42 (3): 28-41.   Abstract （364）   HTML （9）    PDF （1920KB）（1270）       Knowledge map    Located along the lower reaches of Daqing River and Ziya River, the Wen’anwa(文安洼) in Wen’an and Dacheng County of Hebei Province is a low-lying depression and shaped like “the bottom of a cauldron” in colloquial language. It is difficult to drain its water reserve, which often caused severe flood disasters in the past. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Wen’an County took many measures, such as building dikes, diverting river courses, and planting rice in shallow water, to control the flood but to no avail. It was not only the environmental factors, such as the low-lying terrain and the silt of the lower reaches of Daqing River and Ziya River, that made it hard to control the flood in the Wen’anwa Depression, but also social factors, such as the conflicting interests of water control between Wen’an County and the surrounding prefectural and counties, and the lack of ability and tactfulness of water management by Wen’an County itself. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Studies and Writings on the History and Geography of Northwest China by Qing Scholars Shi Nianhai, Wang Shuanghuai Historical Geography Research    2020, 40 (1): 1-17.   Abstract （904）   HTML （2547）    PDF （25226KB）（1226）       Knowledge map    After the outbreak of the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression in 1937, borderland issues became increasingly serious. Shi Nianhai and his tutor Gu Jiegang were concerned with the historical material of China's borderland issues, especially those of northwest China. They examined voluminous historical materials to write this article, so as to reveal the process of formation and historical variations of China's frontier, and to bolster the national spirit against Japanese aggression. Shi thought that as early as the period of Qianlong and Jiaqing of the Qing dynasty, scholars had studied the history and geography of northwest China. After that period, instability of the northeast borderland attracted the attention of even more scholars. They collected documents, wrote monographs, and recorded the imperial court's military attainments in the northwest as well as its conducts in frontier affairs with Russia. Their works are still of great value. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Historical Geography Research    2019, 39 (2): 46-57.   Abstract （720）   HTML （52）    PDF （2592KB）（1042）       Knowledge map    Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Studies on the Changes of the Yunnan-Burma Border in the Late Qing Dynasty Dong Jiayu, Yang Weibing Historical Geography Research    2020, 40 (4): 29-46.   Abstract （1167）   HTML （62）    PDF （1791KB）（1029）       Knowledge map    Negotiations over the demarcation of the Yunnan-Burma border in the late Qing Dynasty was an important stage of China-Burma border changes in modern times. With the help of diplomatic archives, treaties and maps, this paper makes a detailed restoration of the process of delimitation of the Yunnan-Burma border in the Sino-British negotiations. The signing of Convention Giving Effect to Article Ⅲ of the Convention Relative to Burma and Thibet between China and Great Britain and Agreement Modifying the Burma-China Frontier and Trade Convention between China and Great Britain during the reign of Guangxu basically delineated the middle section of Yunnan-Burma border. The contradiction in the geographical cognition of the “watershed” between China and Britain had an important impact on the negotiation of the undefined boundary in the north of Jiangao Mountain. As a result, China had actually lost the territorial sovereignty of Xiaojiang River Basin north of the Jiangao Mountain and west of Balada-Gaolianggong Mountains. In the southern section of the undefined boundary, China and Britain have many disagreements over the basis of the boundary survey, and it was difficult to reach a consensus. The results of the Sino-British negotiations over the Yunnan-Burma border in the late Qing Dynasty basically shaped the course of the Sino-Myanmar border, and had an important impact on the border negotiations and final delineation between China and Myanmar in the Republic of China period and the 1960s. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Eastern Main Road in the Sichuan Basin and the Vicissitude of the “Eastern Main Road Economic Belt” Lan Yong Historical Geography Research    2021, 41 (4): 1-17.   Abstract （626）   HTML （211）    PDF （869KB）（1029）       Knowledge map    During the Tang and Song Dynasties, two ancient highways were formed in the Sichuan Basin, known as the Northern and Southern Roads respectively. The Southern Road was less prominent. Yet, it was the predecessor of the Eastern Main Road in later times. Against the background that the political and economic center of the Sichuan Basin moved eastward and southward in Ming and Qing Dynasties, Chongqing ascended in importance and could rival Chengdu. The Eastern Main Road gradually took shape and flourished. In the Ming Dynasty, there were 12 post stations along the Eastern Main Road, which were largely inherited in the Qing Dynasty. Along the road were also a large number of shops and posts. The total mileage of the Eastern Main Road was about 1 000 li (500 meters) comprising in total of 10 stages, which would take 11 to 12 days to travel. The western section was often travelled by boat on the Tuojiang River. The Eastern Main Road took shape in the early Ming Dynasty. At the beginning, it was called the “Southeast road”, the “East Road of Sichuan”, or the “East road”. The name “Eastern Main Road” was formed in the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China. It has natural and cultural advantages such as connecting Chengdu and Chongqing, low terrain agriculture, abundant water resource, access to the rivers and sea, and close to the salt mines. It was the primary road in the Sichuan Basin and it gave birth to the “Eastern Main Road Economic Belt”. Since the 1990s, the status of “Eastern Main Road Economic Belt” has declined, but the strategy of “Chengdu-Chongqing Double-city Economic Circle” has brought opportunities for the revitalization of the ancient Eastern Main Road. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Deng Chengxiu and the Qing-France Negotiations: A Brief Introduction to the Maps and Treaty on the Boundary Between Guangxi Province and Vietnam Collected in the Taipei Palace Museum Chen Weixin Historical Geography Research    2020, 40 (4): 15-28.   Abstract （492）   HTML （39）    PDF （919KB）（1000）       Knowledge map    International boundary demarcation is a trouble-causing problem between countries. Before the middle Qing Dynasty, Vietnam was regarded as a vassal state of the Qing empire, thus the boundary demarcation between two governments had not been conducted, and the southwest boundary of the Qing empire was not clearly defined. After the Sino-French war (1883—1885), the Qing and French governments concluded on the Ten Treaties Between Qing and French Government on Vietnam, which ended the vassal relationship between Vietnam and the Qing, thus giving rise to the discussion over the related demarcation issues. In the 11th year of the Guangxu Reign (1885), the Qing government sent Deng Chengxiu to negotiate with French officials on demarcation issues. After long lasting seesaw debates, the two governments finally signed the boundary treaty and drew the boundary maps. The treaty, boundary maps and related files signed by Deng Chengxiu and French officials collected in the Taipei Palace Museum are important materials for the recovery of the boundary negotiations. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Historical Geography Research    2019, 39 (2): 15-29.   Abstract （784）   HTML （67）    PDF （7161KB）（991）       Knowledge map    Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Historical Geographical Observations on the Heishui General Government in Tang Dynasty Wang Yulang, Wang Junzheng Historical Geography Research    2020, 40 (4): 54-67.   Abstract （851）   HTML （27）    PDF （2602KB）（915）       Knowledge map    During the period of Kaiyuan’s reign in Tang Dynasty, Boli Prefecture, Heishui Army Arca, and Heishui Genaral Government were consecutively set up on the northern border, where were the later Bohai Kingdom and the district of Heishui-mohe. Using documents and archeological materials, combing with related studies of Boli Prefecture (Bozhou), Heishui-mohe Roadway, Bohai Genaral Government, Anjing Genaral Government, and Simu Tribe of Heishui-mohe, the Jiang’an ancient city of presentd-day Luobei County should be the seat of Heishui General Government in history. The inference also considered the historical background of the military confrontation between the Bohai Kingdom and Heishui-mohe, which caused Heishui-mohe to move northward from the middle and lower reaches of the Mudanjiang River. As a regional strategic center and a geographically significant military and political town, Heishui General Government guarded the north front of the Shangjing (Upper Capital) of Bohai and ran through Heishui-mohe along the line of traffic tunnels; at the same time, it was in accordance with the relative positional relationship between the Bohai Genaral Government, Anjing Genaral Government’s jurisdiction and Simu Tribe of Heishui-mohe. These also proved the Jiangan ancient city being seat of the Heishui Genaral Government set up during the Kaiyuan period of Tang Dynasty. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Historical Geography Research    2020, 40 (3): 132-142.   Abstract （1621）   HTML （97）    PDF （7406KB）（908）       Knowledge map    Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Historical Geography Research    2021, 41 (4): 128-139.   Abstract （335）   HTML （58）    PDF （802KB）（885）       Knowledge map    Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Historical Geography Research    2020, 40 (3): 49-58.   Abstract （542）   HTML （59）    PDF （706KB）（883）       Knowledge map    Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Historical Geography Research    2019, 39 (2): 95-114.   Abstract （1420）   HTML （86）    PDF （3145KB）（870）       Knowledge map    Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Historical Geography Research    2020, 40 (3): 70-85.   Abstract （673）   HTML （77）    PDF （1408KB）（806）       Knowledge map    Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Research on the Mountains and Rivers of He-Luo Region in the Chapter Zhongshan Jing of Shan Hai Jing Yang Xiaoyang Historical Geography Research    2020, 40 (1): 44-62.   Abstract （1302）   HTML （97）    PDF （5142KB）（775）       Knowledge map    The chapter Zhongshan Jing (Classic of the Mountains: Central) of Shan Hai Jing (Classic of Mountains and Seas) presented the mountains and rivers of He-Luo Region in detail, basically from the middle reaches of the Yellow River to the Luo River and the Yi River. The earliest pieces of Shan Hai Jing were thought to have appeared since as early as the pre-Qin period, and many placenames had been lost in Han and Wei dynasties. Generations of scholars consecutively studied the geography and toponomy of these areas, but the results were barely precise or satisfying. Usually, an incorrect location assigned to a mountain or a river would mislead the naming of its surrounding areas. On the basis of previous work and documents, this article presents seven explanations of mountain and river positions in the He-Luo area and discusses the environmental consciousness of people in the time of Shan Hai Jing. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Dialectical Feedbacks of Disaster, Environment, and Charity: Case Study of Rural Social Security System Establishment in Zhili Province During the Reign of Emperor Qianlong Wang Daxue Historical Geography Research    2020, 40 (1): 31-43.   Abstract （636）   HTML （56）    PDF （3354KB）（755）       Knowledge map    The reason caused Emperor Qianlong to establish a system of local public welfare granary was the failure of his grain policy. Unsatisfied with the Ever-Normal Granary System or the Community Granary System, he wanted to set up a Public Granary System to attract local storage of grain. The transition from dependence upon official granaries to civil granaries reflected Emperor Qianlong's policy being tightened. His method was to educate people rather than nourish people. Stability of the Zhili (the area surrounding the capital) Province was the priority to Emperor Qianlong and the Public Granary System brought out a good match between relief and regulation for him. Under the broader background of abolishing the Liuyang Zisong policy, the Public Granary System could bring a stable environment because it would reduce the number of refugees staying in the capital city. The setup of Liuyang Ju System meant a compromise and concession to reality for Emperor Qianlong. The distribution of Liuyang Ju was determined by accessibility and physical environment conditions. Overall, the scenario of policy shifts in the 13th year of Qianlong's reign and the establishment of the Public Granary System and the Liuyang Ju System in Zhili Province were the dialectical effects of disaster, environment, and charity taken together. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Transformation of the Hong Temple and the Construction of Urban Social Space in Modern Shanghai Chen Yunxia Historical Geography Research    2020, 40 (2): 133-143.   Abstract （508）   HTML （34）    PDF （4476KB）（729）       Knowledge map    After the port opening of Shanghai city, social condition experienced great changes. A founding was that the main worshipers of Hong Temple became the prostitute group. The main reasons of such transformation were the prosperity of prostitution thereby and the policy change for sacrificial ceremonies. Newspapers and modern novels accelerated the transformation of traditional folk beliefs in modern Shanghai as well. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Historical Geography Research    2019, 39 (2): 72-82.   Abstract （643）   HTML （62）    PDF （2403KB）（720）       Knowledge map    Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the Ying Xun System of Xiangxi Miaojiang in Qing Dynasty Zhou Ni Historical Geography Research    2020, 40 (2): 91-103.   Abstract （539）   HTML （38）    PDF （3376KB）（718）       Knowledge map    The Ying Xun system was the grassroots military system of local governance in Qing Dynasty, important to the local governance of Xiangxi Miaojiang. Although it was relatively stable after its formation, due to the ethnic population, natural and social environment, its establishment, withdrawal, improvement, and adjustment often transformed through the history. Thus, the characteristics of the Ying Xun system could be “changing by the trend”, which also reflected the integrating process of Xiangxi Miaojiang into the National “inland border”. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Multiple Perspectives on Document and Fieldwork: Studies on the Investigation of the Location of Counties in the Middle Ages Using Changzhou and Jingnan as Examples Lan Yong Historical Geography Research    2020, 40 (1): 96-108.   Abstract （634）   HTML （61）    PDF （2517KB）（711）       Knowledge map    Taking the change of location of the capital of Changzhou prefecture and administrative area of the Jingnan county in Tang dynasty as examples, this study points out that researchers should make use of historical documents from multiple perspectives in locating counties in the Middle Ages. We find that the position of Jingnan county in Tang dynasty is at the Taihe dam of Zhangjia dam, in Gaosheng town of Dazu county, which was called Jingnan dam and 50 miles west of Dazu county, other than Longshui town or Sanxi town in Dazu counry. The capital of Changzhou prefecture was firstly set in Changyuan county in 758, and then to Rongchang county in 769, and eventually in Jingnan county in 892. We also find that in order to ensure the reliability of research, one must make use of local historical memory, actual geographical situation and cultural relics to correct historical documents, because historical researches are prone to four types of inaccuracies, namely the sensibility of mileage calculation, the rigidity of azimuth coordinates, the fuzziness of azimuth direction and the obvious simplification and derivation in geographical cognition of historical documents. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Historical Geography Research    2020, 40 (3): 33-48.   Abstract （817）   HTML （71）    PDF （1462KB）（669）       Knowledge map    Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Historical Geography Research    2019, 39 (2): 115-134.   Abstract （852）   HTML （62）    PDF （4817KB）（667）       Knowledge map    Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Historical Geography Research    2019, 39 (2): 83-94.   Abstract （769）   HTML （77）    PDF （4303KB）（630）       Knowledge map    Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Corresponding Cities and Place Names with Salt Resources in Tang Dynasty Which Recorded in The Resources of the World ( Hudud Al-Alam) as Bughshur Wang Changming Historical Geography Research    2020, 40 (1): 145-152.   Abstract （586）   HTML （28）    PDF （1985KB）（620）       Knowledge map    The Middle Persian (pahlavi) geographical book The Regions of the World (Hudud al-alam) records two important salt resources both named Bughshur in Tang dynasty based on regional differentiation. The former lies in the drainage area of the Upper Yangtze River, the latter lies in the drainage area of the Yellow River. We could identify the former as salt well named Fuyi near prefecture Lu in the region of Jiannan Dao, the latter as salt lake near the prefecture Hezhong in the region of Hedong Dao. There is a hall in the city of Hezhong which bears the name “Lü sha” (Persian as “rusa”), and means scarf in English. Based on literature study, we can conclude there was a Persian man Li Jingshen, wore scarf in hall occasionally, who had been a leader of local militia for almost twenty years. With his assistance, Persian merchants came to Hezhong to attend to the state monopoly of Hezhong crystal salt. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Historical Geography Research    2019, 39 (2): 30-45.   Abstract （506）   HTML （39）    PDF （3791KB）（607）       Knowledge map    Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Separation and Merging of Military Defence Circuit in Anqing and Huizhou Areas in Ming Dynasty Qi Chuangye, Huang Zhongxin Historical Geography Research    2020, 40 (2): 72-90.   Abstract （736）   HTML （41）    PDF （7728KB）（605）       Knowledge map    The Military Defence Circuit was an important local management institution in the Ming Dynasty. In order to contain the intrusion of “River thieves”, “Wokou” (Japanese pirates) and “Mining thief”, as well as to consolidate the local farming system, water conservancy, and other affairs, the Ming court successively established five Military Defence Circuits in Fengyang, Jiujiang, Taicang, Yingtian and Huirao from Hongzhi to Jiajing Reigns. Their scope of the jurisdiction cover both Anqing and Huizhou. During this period, the Military Defence Circuit's jurisdiction unit gradually changed from Wei to Fu (prefecture). In the sixth year of the Longqing Reign, out of the consideration of unifying administrative divisions, the Ming court set up the Huining Military Defence Circuit, which put Fu and Wei in Anqing and Huizhou under the same Military Defence Circuit's management, while remained under the jurisdiction of South Zhili. Later, due to changes in local situations, the Ming court made a series of differentiations and adjustments to the Huining Military Defence Circuit in order to keep it militarily advantageous. The evolution of the division and integration of the Military Defence Circuit shows the importance of local governance in Anqing, Huizhou areas. It would become one of the precursors to the formation of Anhui Province in the Qing Dynasty. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Historical Geography Research    2020, 40 (3): 23-32.   Abstract （552）   HTML （55）    PDF （2061KB）（596）       Knowledge map    Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Illusional Memories of the Submerged Cities: the Mirage in the Confluence Region of the Yellow River, the Huaihe River and the Grand Canal in Qing Dynasty Li Denan Historical Geography Research    2020, 40 (4): 132-142.   Abstract （566）   HTML （9）    PDF （1110KB）（590）       Knowledge map    Submerged city caused by the drastic changes of hydrological environment is an extreme type of disastrous events. But mirages of the submerged cities recall the memory of this kind of disaster in the form of auspicious illusions. The confluence region of the Yellow River, the Huaihe River and the Grand Canal is well known for its numerous lakes and small rivers, and the river works were frequently rebuilt. It was the core region of the hydraulic conservancy facilities for the clarification of the Yellow River and the water supply for the canal transportation during Ming and Qing Dynasty. In the Qing Dynasty, there was no more need to take the protection of the Mausoleum of Ming Dynasty into consideration in river management. Therefore, the drastic changes of lake environment caused the submersion of the Hongze Town and the Sizhou City, which had profound impacts on the local environment and society. The records of mirages in history are mostly found in the Qing Dynasty when the lake area expanded rapidly. The mirages occurred on Hongze Lake and Gaobao Lakes, and they were mostly associated with the recent or most influential event of submerging city. Although the submerged cities reappearing through the mirages were not credible, it proved that disasters had a lasting effect on people’s memory. It is also a reminder that history needs to be remembered and the disasters should not be forgotten. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on Human Activities and Environmental Effects in the Upper Reaches of Lijiang River During Ming and Qing Dynasties Liu Xiangxue Historical Geography Research    2020, 40 (2): 12-14.   Abstract （553）   HTML （48）    PDF （4167KB）（583）       Knowledge map    The formation of sandbanks in the Lijiang River was a result of the interactions between natural environment and human activities. Since the Ming and Qing dynasties, people continuously flowed into the upper reaches of the Lijiang River to engage in agricultural work and land reclamation. They also reshaped the natural environment of the mountainous upstream area. The soil unearthed left from agricultural work and those carried by rainwater were then swept out into the Lijiang River, resulted in sediment, which accelerated the formation and development of sandbank, and shaped the appearance of the Lijiang river bed in Guilin city. The settlements were also transferred from the sandbars to sandbanks. The relationship between man and land in Lijiang River basin changed as thus. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Historical Geography Research    2019, 39 (2): 58-71.   Abstract （571）   HTML （47）    PDF （2994KB）（580）       Knowledge map    Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Research on the Temporospatial Changes of Modern Inland Harbors Opening to Steamship in Yangtze River: Based on Inland Places Open to Steam Navigation under I.W.S.N. Rules Cheng Jun Historical Geography Research    2020, 40 (4): 119-131.   Abstract （726）   HTML （29）    PDF （5399KB）（577）       Knowledge map    After the Inland Waters Steam Navigation Rules was promulgated by the Qing government in 1898, the inland shipping along the Yangtze River underwent a sudden growth. By 1929, there were more than 418 inland harbors opening to steamship in Yangtze river basin. In terms of distribution, the inner harbors open to steam ships in the Yangtze River basin are spatially concentrated in the lower reaches, less in the middle reaches, and very rare in the upper reaches. In terms of temporal changes, the inland harbors opening to steamship spreaded from lower reaches to upper reaches, and from trunk stream to tributaries. The trend of time and space changes of inner harbor reflects the development of the modern shipping industry in the Yangtze river basin. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Diversion of Puyang River and Water Conservancy Transformation of Xiao-Shao Plain in the Ming Dynasty Chen Tao Historical Geography Research    2021, 41 (1): 25-36.   Abstract （587）   HTML （31）    PDF （4055KB）（571）       Knowledge map    The diversion of Puyang River was key to the development of Xiao-Shao plain in eastern Zhejiang. The archaeological data of the lower Puyang River and the map of Guang Yu Tu (广舆图), which was made in the Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty (1522—1566), demonstrate the basic eastward flow of the Puyang river before its diversion in the middle of Ming Dynasty. The diversion led to the transformation of water affairs in Xiao-Shao plain, re-orienting from the interior of the plain to its edge, and the content of water affairs also changed from “irrigation works” to “flood containment”. The internal reserveoir-centered conservancy system turned to the river wall, sluice, dam and other water conservancy projects so as to resist the invasion of the external rivers and the sea. This transformation also made the rivers and lakes in the Xiao-Shao plain inter-connected into a complete water conservancy system. The establishment and maintenance of the main projects such as Sanjiang Sluice, West River Wall and Maxi Dam brought the three counties of Xiaoshan, Shanyin and Kuaiji in the same plain to form the “shan-kuai-xiao” regional community with water conservancy as the core. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Discussion on the Controversy of the Religion and Knowledge on An Historical and Geographical Description of Formosa Guo Man Historical Geography Research    2021, 41 (1): 105-116.   Abstract （521）   HTML （13）    PDF （1096KB）（569）       Knowledge map    After the colonial rule of Dutch in Taiwan, the West’s concern for Taiwan has not been ended. On the contrary, there has always been a “Formosa complex”. In 1704, the publication of An Historical and Geographical Description of Formosa written by Psalmanazar, while satisfying the readers’ psychology, was also linked to serious religious and political issues, which led to Propriety Debates. Whether the author was a Taiwanese or not is always been confusing, the analysis of the differences between the different parties about this issue was not only reveals the spread of Taiwan’s knowledge in Europe in the early 18th century, but also the different attitudes of diverse countries to knowledge in different religious beliefs. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Changes of the River System Structure and Water Environment in the Convergence Region of Yellow River, Huai River and Grand Canal in Ming Dynasty Wang Jiange Historical Geography Research    2019, 39 (1): 7-25.   Abstract （998）   HTML （100）    PDF （4535KB）（564）       Knowledge map    The region where Yellow and Huai Rivers met the Grand Canal became a key location for water regulation because of the opening of Grand Canal in Ming Dynasty. Regulation procedures implemented by the government, aiming to keep the Grand Canal unimpeded to navigation, facilitated the evolution of river system structures and water regimen. In early Ming Dynasty, the configuration of river channels was similar to that in Yuan Dynasty, following a pattern of parallel flows with interchangeable main and tributary channels. As the Grand Canal, Huai River and Yellow River were under regulation, and especially as levees were constructed, channels of Yellow River went through a concentration process. They firstly merged from a regional network pattern into a linear pattern, and then continued converging towards a point at Qingkou. The first stage of this process was the abandonment of the northern branch of Yellow River, while the second stage was lining the Xu-Pi segment of Yellow River up with the upper stream. After flow directions of channels were fixed into the Xu-Pi segment, most levee failure events during the Reign of Jiajing Emperor occurred upstream to Xuzhou, but after the 44th year of Reign of Jiajing Emperor, most of such events occurred downstream to Xuzhou. The channel regulation near where Yellow River and Grand Canal meet started with a broader, fan-shaped target region extended from south to north, and then reduced to the southern half of the fan-shaped region, and then concentrated to a linear belt and eventually to Qingkou. The regulation generally served for maintaining the navigational condition of channels. From a regional channel network to a point, or from a broader region to a smaller region and eventually to a single point, such kind of engineering process marked the characteristic of how Ming Dynasty conducted hydrological regulation projects in the region where Yellow and Huai Rivers met the Grand Canal. This hydrological regulation process that follows the change of water environment accordingly fully reflected the wisdom of ancient people in utilizing the aquatic environment on a large regional scale. It has remarkable ecological characteristics. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Changes of Settlement Pattern of Jingsheng Village in Lingshi County in Shanxi Province During Ming and Qing Dynasties Hao Ping, Wei Chunyang Historical Geography Research    2022, 42 (3): 74-86.   Abstract （227）   HTML （13）    PDF （2298KB）（563）       Knowledge map    Settlement pattern is an understudied topic in historical settlement geography. The settlement pattern of Jingsheng Village in Lingshi County in Shanxi Province had experienced three stages of change: the initial development of the gullies and lanes from the late Yuan Dynasty to the early Ming Dynasty, the boundary expansion and internal expansion from the late Ming Dynasty to the early Qing Dynasty, the filling of the settlement pattern in the late Qing Dynasty and the “southward invasion” across the river. Factors such as geographical environment, clan power, war and banditry, national policies had all played an important role in the development and evolution of Jingsheng Village settlement pattern. The case study of Jingsheng Village shows that the formation and development of settlement pattern is a historical process of dynamic change, and the establishment history of settlement temples and landmark buildings has become an important index for investigation. Research on the pattern of rural settlements will be one of the trends of future rural historical geography studies in China. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Local Governance and Conflicting Interests: A Research on Demarcation Disputes Between Shaanxi and Suiyuan in the Early Years of the Republic of China Wang Han Historical Geography Research    2020, 40 (4): 83-99.   Abstract （464）   HTML （22）    PDF （1299KB）（560）       Knowledge map    The demarcation of Shaanxi and Suiyuan was an important political event in the adjustments of northwestern provincial boundaries in the early years of the Republic of China. In the course of the whole incident, from the central government and local governments at different levels in Shaanxi and Suiyuan, down to the Ikechao League princes and the local gentry in the disputed areas, the stake-holders made varying appeals from such as the perspectives of national decrees, border security, economic interests in the disputed areas, and decision-making power in grassroots social affairs, to to ask for their own interests. On the border of Mongolia and Shaanxi, the gentry owned the land in the disputed area through the land subscription in the end of Qing Dynasty. The core issue of the demarcation dispute is whether these ownership was still recognized in a new dynasty. In the process of disputes, which lasted for nearly eight years, the central government and local governments, local governments and local governments (both Shaanxi and Suiyuan), local forces and two levels of government competed for their own interests. In the end, the central government gave way to the fait accompli of the Shaanxi side, so the immigrants would not retreat. The local governments and gentry along the border in northern Shaanxi used their prestige and appealed to publicize and guide the people in the disputed area, formed a community of interests, and maintained the “legitimateness” of the right to speak in local social affairs. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Historical Geography Research    2019, 39 (2): 1-5.   Abstract （645）   HTML （72）    PDF （5541KB）（554）       Knowledge map    Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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An Analysis on the Division of Economic Regions in Modern China Based on Spatial Interactive Models Wu Qiang, He Yinan Historical Geography Research    2020, 40 (4): 100-118.   Abstract （491）   HTML （30）    PDF （1837KB）（548）       Knowledge map    For the most important economic phenomenon in modern Chinese history, the treaty ports system, we can use the research methods of contemporary economic geography, GIS, economics, and so on, to investigate the pattern of modern China’s economic geography and regional economic differences through the investigation of historical data. More than 100 treaty ports in modern China have gradually formed a geographical pattern of opening up to the outside world from the coastal, riverside to border areas, which has provided conditions for modernization, promoted the spatial expansion of modern capitalist mode of production, and reconstructed China’s economic regions. In this paper, first of all, through the discussion of the geographical spatial distribution of the transit duty trade in the treaty-ports system, we preliminarily determine the influence areas of some larger treaty ports; then, with the support of quantification and GIS methods, especially the spatial interactive models, economic regional changes under the influence of modern Chinese trading ports are calculated. Based on this result, the treaty ports system can be regarded as the representative and systematic research object of regional economic modernization, which directly affects the economic geographical pattern of contemporary China, and provides a historical and practical reference for the current economic geographical division of China. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics