西藏阿里“神山圣湖”与中国古代天下之中昆仑山

历史地理研究 ›› 2023, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (1): 63-77.

西藏阿里“神山圣湖”与中国古代天下之中昆仑山

邓辉

北京大学城市与环境学院历史地理研究所,北京 100871

收稿日期:2022-08-18 出版日期:2023-02-20 发布日期:2023-04-23
作者简介:邓辉,男,1964年生,四川成都人,博士,北京大学城市与环境学院教授、博士生导师,主要从事区域历史地理、环境变迁与环境考古、历史城市地理等研究。
基金资助:
北京大学区域与国别研究学术基金项目“天下之中昆仑山与中印古代文化交流”

Mount Kunlun as the Center of Ancient Chinese Cosmological World

Deng Hui

Research Center of Historical Geography, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China

Received:2022-08-18 Online:2023-02-20 Published:2023-04-23

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

位于西藏阿里的“神山圣湖”,包括冈仁波齐、玛旁雍错、拉昂错等自然地理单元。分布在其周边的狮泉河、象泉河、孔雀河、马泉河,分别是印度河、恒河、雅鲁藏布江—布拉马普特拉河等世界著名大河的上源。历史上,“神山圣湖”及其周围的四条河流具有极其重要的象征意义,是构成多种古代神性世界(Cosmological World)中心的重要地理标志。历史时期围绕着西藏阿里“神山圣湖”形成的神性世界中心共有四个: 一是西藏阿里象雄文化原始苯教认知的“神山圣湖”;二是佛教认知的南赡部洲阿耨达池(Anavatapta);三是古代华夏文化认知的昆仑山;四是印度教认知的凯拉什山(Kailasa)。其中,华夏文化昆仑山系统与佛教南赡部洲阿耨达池系统之间发生过深刻的交流和融合,从而形成新的昆仑山-阿耨达山神性世界中心认知系统,进而对古代华夏文明的地理观(Cosmography)产生广泛影响,并最终于康熙五十九年被明确标识在实测《皇舆全览图》上。

关键词: 冈仁波齐, 昆仑山, 阿耨达山, 阿耨达池, 四水, 天下之中

Abstract:

The Sacred Mountain and Holy Lakes located in the grand Yarlung Tsanpo Valley in the southern part of Ali Region, Tibet, that have been listed in the Preparation List of World Heritage Sites of Natural and Cultural Heritage include the Mount Gang Rinpoche, the Lake Mapam Yutso, the Lake Lana Tso. The four rivers originated in the vicinity are the Senge Kabab (the lion river), the langchen Kabab (the elephant river), the Macha Kabab (the peacock river), and the Tsangpo Kabab (the horse river), all which are the source of several world-famous rivers, such as the Indus River, the Ganges River, the Yarlung Tsanpo River and the Brahmaputra River.

In the ancient tradition of China and India, the Gang Renboqi mountain and its surrounding lakes and rivers had extremely important symbolic meanings, and they were the geographical landmarks indicating the center of the cosmological world. In the historical period, there were four ancient divine worldviews being formed around the Sacred Mountain and Holy Lakes in Ali, Tibet.

The first one is recognized by the local Bon religion of Zhangzhung culture in Ali area; the second one is the cosmological world center of anavatapta, which is recognized by Buddhism; the third one is the cosmological world center of Kunlun Mountain and Yao-chi, which is recognized by the ancient Chinese Book of Mountains and Seas; and the fourth one is the cosmological world center of Kailash (Kailasa), which was recognized by Hinduism. The four cosmography systems originated independently, formed their own special cognitive systems, and communicated and merged with other systems in history.

The integration of the Kunlun Mountain cosmological world view and the Buddhist Anavatapta cosmological world view happened around 1 500 years ago, and the new world view had a wide range of impact on ancient Chinese cosmography. In 1720, this world view was projected on the surveyed map, and the ancient subjective cognition was finally located into the concrete geographical objects of the Sacred Mountains and Lakes.

Key words: Gang Rinpoche, Mount Kunlun, A Nou Da Shan, Anavatapta, Four Waters, center of ancient Chinese Cosmological World

中图分类号:

K928

邓辉. 西藏阿里“神山圣湖”与中国古代天下之中昆仑山[J]. 历史地理研究, 2023, 43(1): 63-77.

Deng Hui. Mount Kunlun as the Center of Ancient Chinese Cosmological World[J]. Historical Geography Research, 2023, 43(1): 63-77.

图/表 6

图1

图2

表1

表2

图3

图4

地图分区	地名数量	山海经	古典	历史	道家	未知
中心陆地	32	14	3	14		1
内环海水	56	40		5	7	4
外环山地	55	49	2		2	2
全部数量	143	103	5	19	9	7
百分比		72%	3.5%	13.3%	6.3%	4.9%

天下图分区		分区计数	山经	海外经				海内经				大荒经				海内经
天下图分区		分区计数	山经	北	东	南	西	北	东	南	西	北	东	南	西	海内经
中心陆地		14	2					1	1	2	3					5
内环海水	北	7		5	2
	东	9	1		6			1	1
	南	12	1			9	1							1
	西	12		5		1	6
外环山地	北	13										11			2
	东	10										1	9
	南	18											4	14
	西	8											1		7
合计		103	4	10	8	10	7	2	2	2	3	12	14	15	9	5

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